Про новостную ленту
Oct. 30th, 2019 08:24 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
vit_r
golos-dobra выставил пост про динозавров и науку. Первым делом, две цитаты от ![[livejournal.com profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/external/lj-userinfo.gif){kind=small}
golos_dobra из Википедии, потом подборка от специалиста, который этих самых динозавров рисует для разных журналов, книг и просчего, включая почтовые марки. Общественность приучена к версии "По улице ходила большая крокодила. Ну, очень большая. Большая пребольшая. Просто огромная!"
Как всегда, на самом деле всё было немного не так.
Feathered dinosaur
Shortly after the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, British biologist Thomas Henry Huxley proposed that birds were descendants of dinosaurs.
...
The leading dinosaur expert of the time, Richard Owen, disagreed, claiming Archaeopteryx as the first bird outside dinosaur lineage. For the next century, claims that birds were dinosaur descendants faded, with more popular bird-ancestry hypotheses including 'crocodylomorph' and 'thecodont' ancestors, rather than dinosaurs or other archosaurs.
Richard Owen
Sir Richard Owen KCB FRMS FRS (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892)
Owen produced a vast array of scientific work, but is probably best remembered today for coining the word Dinosauria (meaning "Terrible Reptile" or "Fearfully Great Reptile")
Итак, слово художнику:
SEPTEMBER 10, 2007
Birds on the Brain
Birds have been on my mind a lot lately.
Even before I heard paleontologists calling them “avian dinosaurs,” I had a hunch that birds were linked somehow to dinosaurs. The fine-grained fossils that have been pouring out of the Liaoning province in China show clear evidence of well-developed feathers.
When it came to illustrating small two-legged dinosaurs, all my old painter’s tricks for rendering scaly skin were not going to cut it anymore. My old paintings of Oviraptors look naked now.
I realized I would have to learn to draw birds. I would have to watch them like hawks to see how they behave. I hung out at zoos, pet shops, county fairs, and chicken coops.
Did dinosaurs have a preening ritual in a definite sequence as birds do? Did
Did dinosaurs have a preening ritual in a definite sequence as birds do? Did they have apreening oil gland near the base of their tail? Were their feathers for flapping or warmth or social display—or all three? Could they fluff up their feathers to look impressive or to release tension, as birds do?
I started wondering: what did dinosaurs look like during a moult? Did some dinosaurs have wattles and combs like roosters?
These are the questions that all of my friends who are paleoartists are asking, and it makes right now a very exciting time to be doing dinosaur art!
OCTOBER 13, 2007
Digging Dinosaurs
Mark Norell is one of the world authorities on feathered dinosaurs. He said that he is encountering more and more evidence of feathers on two-legged meat-eating dinosaurs, perhaps even T. rex. He is even finding a hint of light and dark barred patterns on some of the feathers.
It is often said that artists are the eyes of paleontology. If so, the scientists and museum specialists are everything else: legs, hands, muscle, mind, and heart. They do their detective work with tireless zeal and imagination, usually on shoestring budgets, to help us bring the picture of these long-lost animals into better focus.
Stephen James: My biggest pardagim shift was when they moved T-Rex out of the Carnosaur grouping and in with Coelophysis and it's kin. Every book I had read growing up had T-Rex alongside the big Jurrasic meat eaters and then suddenly poof they rewrite the book.
That's what good science is about though, always making new discoveries.
NOVEMBER 28, 2007
Vulnerable T.Rex
We often see this animal as a ruthless and invincible predator, but in fact its numbers were already declining due to climate changes around 70 million BP, when this scene is set, five million years before the asteroid impact.
My consultant was Jack Horner of the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, here in his museum with skeletons of baby Maiasaura (photo by Tobey Sanford). Horner proposed the provocative idea that the T. rex may have been a scavenger as well as--or instead of--an active predator.
At his suggestion, I gave the creature a reddish face, similar to the faces of vultures and many other scavengers.
JANUARY 25, 2008
Giganotosaurus
I met the Argentinian paleontologist Dr. Rodolfo Coria on October 7, 1994, a few short months after he had uncovered the bones, and before he had even come up with a name for the creature.
When it came to coloring the dinosaur I called Dr. Coria: “This is your dinosaur,” I said. “What color do you want him to be?”
“Color?” he replied. “That’s your problem.” So I took the artistic liberty of giving the dinosaur a bright color scheme to make him look as impressive as possible.
The second painting shows Giganotosaurus running at a thundering pace. This time I used a slightly more conservative coloration. To accentuate the motion, I used shallow depth of field (see earlier post on the subject), blurring the distant trees, and kicking up a splash and a dust cloud from the feet.
This painting was done over ten years ago. Since then, John Hutchinson of Stanford University has convincingly argued that giant dinosaurs like T.rex or Giganotosaurus probably didn’t have the leg muscles to be able to run at the kind of speeds we imagine.
So if I were to do this painting again, I’d show him at a fast walk. A walking dinosaur may not be quite as impressive as a running dinosaur, but as long as he’s walking faster than his prey, it’s fast enough.
FEBRUARY 8, 2008
Whenever such features exist in animals as diverse as birds, ungulates and rodents, it’s reasonable to speculate that they may have appeared in dinosaurs as well. This was my rationale for showing eye stripes on the Beipiaosaurus in Dinotopia: Journey to Chandara.
I used the same idea when I painted a dark patch on the flank of a Camptosaurus in the World of Dinosaurs stamps for the US Postal Service. This flank patch also appears in the springbok.
MARCH 7, 2008
Microraptor, little four-winged wonder
NOVA recently aired a documentary about the flying dinosaur called Microraptor gui, which was discovered a few years ago in Liaoning, China.
Whether this creature was capable of flapping, and what position it held its arms and legs in flight are the subjects of lively debate among both scientists and artists.
APRIL 3, 2008
Dino Art Workshop
ImagineFX is the premier magazine for fantasy art instruction. In the new April 2008 issue, there is a special feature on dinosaur art. Alongside Greg Broadmore, Daryl Mandryk and Bob Eggleton, I offer 25 of my most helpful tips for reconstructing dinosaurs.
3. Learn from animal analogues
Use wildlife photos laterally rather than literally. Even though the basic anatomy of modern animals is totally different from dinosaurs, you can glean a lot of information from pictures of elephants, rhinos, crocodiles, and birds. Start a reference collection, either digitally or from photos torn out of wildlife magazines. Stick up a lot of related photos to give you ideas for wrinkles, scaliness, and specularity.
5. Feathered friends
Putting feathers on dinosaurs is a fad these days. How could it not be, with the incredible fossil material coming out of the Liaoning Province of China? But sticking feathers on every dinosaur is an understandable pet peeve of many critics. If you want to be conservative, you’re safe feathering most of the small theropods. There’s less likelihood that the larger-bodied animals and the plant-eaters were feathered.
APRIL 10, 2008
Dino Art Workshop, 2
There’s bound to be a certain amount of guesswork in paleoart. All we have to start with, really, is a box of bone fragments, a footprint or two, and a lot of opinions. Because these creatures were real, we have an obligation to the facts. On the other hand, since they’re long gone, we have a degree of artistic latitude.
To paint a dinosaur restoration you don’t have to start with a blank canvas and dream the whole thing up from nothing. There are a lot of tricks to fortify your imagination and to give your work those little touches of naturalism that trick the viewer into thinking he or she is seeing a slice of real life rather than an artistic fabrication.
Watch out for the spiky look
A lot of feathered dinosaurs are shown with a spiky, ruffled look. Real bird feathers, including flightless birds, more often show a variety of textures and silhouettes, sometimes with a smooth contour, or blending into a mass. Also, keep in mind that feathers are grouped into into larger tracts. To study real bird feathers, sketch them in ornithology collections, and learn from the work of the great bird illustrators, who have developed the skills of painting feathers over a lifetime.
Keep your head down
Look at the posture of real animals. They spend most of their time with their heads down, especially if they’re plant eaters. There’s a tendency for us to paint dinosaurs rearing up in human-like poses. But recent thinking about sauropods and hadrosaurs suggests that they spent most of their lives in more head-down, tail-up postures, unless they are alarmed.
Close your mouth
Dinosaurs, especially meat-eating dinosaurs, are nearly always depicted with their mouths open, but how often do you see films of real animals or birds with their mouths agape? Unless they’re in the act of biting or vocalizing, most creatures shut their traps. On most predatory dinosaurs, the closed mouth has a distinctive overbite, and most articulated skeletons are found that way, too.
FEBRUARY 20, 2009
According to Jack Horner, we can make a dinosaur—or something like a dinosaur—by retro-engineering the DNA in a chicken. The blueprint is already sitting there; it’s just a matter of controlling gene expression. Jack’s book “How to Build a Dinosaur” comes out next month.
JUNE 30, 2011
New X-ray technique reveals traces of color in feathered dinosaurs
MARCH 10, 2012
Microraptor's new plumage
A new study of the four-winged dinosaur Microraptor reveals new insights about the arrangement and coloration of its feathers.
According to Mark Norell of the American Museum of Natural History and his Chinese colleagues, it had an iridescent dark coloration, much like a crow.
APRIL 23, 2015
Imagining Dinosaurs with Feathers
This month, two Canadian paleontologists speculated about the origin of feathers in dinosaurs.
Back in 2011, a paper published in Science showed a variety of feather structures preserved in Late Cretaceous Canadian amber.
The feathers are of all types, from downy filaments to more complex structures. They match up well with the compression fossils found in northeast China.
Since the feathers were dissociated from the animals they covered, it's possible that some of these feathers came from birds living at the time of dinosaurs. Some coiled barbules are similar to the water-absorbing feathers in diving birds, such as grebes.
The feathers show light and dark banding and other coloration patterns. In this example the brown masses are concentrated pigmentation that would have given the animal a dark brown appearance.
It's important to note that not all dinosaurs had feathers, as skin impressions from hadrosaurs and other types dinosaurs have shown.
JUNE 6, 2015
Sketching Chickens / Imagining Dinosaurs
The DVD version has the 40-minute production about the making of the paintings I did for Scientific American. But it also has a slide show and a special 13-minute bonus feature, where I pose the question: "What can we learn about dinosaurs by sketching a chicken?"
The full 13-minute chicken feature on the DVD also considers:
• Differences between chickens and theropods
• Feathers on dinosaurs in Dinotopia
• Function of feathers in chickens
• What's the purpose of the comb and wattles?
• More chicken sketches
• Feather groupings on a bird's body
• Can we make a dinosaur from chicken DNA? Should we?
• How are bird tails different in ground-loving birds?
MARCH 6, 2019
T. rex Teaser #2
In a shallow stretch of a freshwater stream, an adult Tyrannosaurus rex introduces three juveniles to the water and supervises them while they bathe.
I develop the scenario after watching YouTube videos showing the bathing behaviors of ostriches, emus, and cassowaries, plus a lot of kinds of birds. First they squat down into the water, then stretch upward and shake, followed by self-preening. The juveniles still have their light coloration and haven't yet molted into their adult layers of feathers.
The feathers are based on the fact that all members of the tyrannosaur group which have been found with detailed fossils (such as Dilong and Yutyrannus) show feathers. Among my scientific consultants was tyrannosaur expert Steve Brusatte, who said: "I am particularly really moved by the one of the adult and juveniles bathing in the stream. It brings these predators to life in a way that hunt scenes don't--it makes them seem more like normal animals, not monsters."
Картинка сверху из книги "Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy Hardcover" by Mark P. Witton. На ней представитель самой крупной группы azhdarchids.
no subject
Date: 2019-10-31 06:25 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2019-10-31 08:35 am (UTC)Очень хорошо это заметно по диснеевским мультфильмам, где даже позы и сцены перерисовываются из раза в раз, при каждом очередном повторении становясь кривее и бессмысленнее.